Asal mula dan berakhirnya negara

Summary

The lecturer explains theories about how states originate and how they may cease to exist. He notes that many theories of state origins are abstract or speculative rather than grounded in clear historical evidence.

How States Originate

Historical Explanations

• Occupation of unclaimed territory: A state may form when a group takes control of previously unoccupied territory.
• Separation or independence: A region may break away from an existing state and declare independence. Examples include Indonesia’s independence from Dutch colonial rule and Timor-Leste’s separation from Indonesia.
• Fusion or merger: Separate states or territories may unite to form a new state. Examples include the reunification of East and West Germany, the unification of Vietnam, and the consolidation of ancient Greek city-states.

Theoretical Explanations

• Divine-right theory: State authority is understood to come from God. In the direct version, a ruler is regarded as a divine manifestation or descendant; in the indirect version, the ruler is God’s representative on Earth.
• Power theory: States emerge through one group’s dominance over another. Sources of power include physical strength, economic resources, and political influence or networks.
• Social-contract theory: People form a political community and agree on how it will be governed. The lecturer describes two agreements:
  • Factum unionis: People agree to unite as a community.
  • Factum subjectionis: People agree to establish or appoint a governing authority.

The lecturer contrasts three thinkers:

- **Thomas Hobbes:** People transfer their authority to the ruler.
- **John Locke:** Some rights—notably life, liberty, and property—are not surrendered. Government is meant to protect them.
- **Jean-Jacques Rousseau:** Sovereignty remains with the people, and the government acts as their executor.

• Organic theory: The state is compared to a living organism. The lecturer mentions moral, biological, psychic or physical, and social-organism interpretations.
• Patriarchal and matriarchal theories: The state is said to grow out of family structures, with authority traced through either the father’s or the mother’s line.
• Patrimonial theory: The lecturer connects state formation with a ruler’s authority and expanding domain.
• Natural theory: Drawing on Aristotle, this view treats the state as the highest form of social organization, developing from humans’ social and political nature.
• Idealistic theory: The state arises from ideals or values shared by a community.

How States May End

A state may disappear or be transformed if it loses one or more of its essential elements: territory, population, or government. The lecturer also refers to the capacity to engage with other states as a declarative element.

Possible causes include:

• Natural or environmental changes, such as the loss of territory or the disappearance of a population.
• Conquest by another state, which can eliminate the previous state.
• Revolution, which can replace a political order and establish a new state. The lecturer cites the Bolshevik Revolution and the end of Russia’s monarchy, as well as the later dissolution of the Soviet Union.
• Agreement and merger, in which existing states cease to exist as separate entities and a unified state takes their place. The reunification of East and West Germany is the main example.

Other Points

At the beginning, the lecturer explains that the video replaces an in-person class and gives guidance about an upcoming midterm. He says the exam will draw on course material and advises students to use clear references, read sources, and avoid unexamined copy-pasting.

Speakers and Sources Featured

• Speaker: One lecturer, whose name is not provided in the subtitles.
• Thinkers cited: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Aristotle, Hegel, and Auguste Comte.
• Historical examples discussed: Indonesia, Timor-Leste, East and West Germany, Vietnam, ancient Greece, Russia, and the Soviet Union.