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Overview

The video is an exam-focused review of Korea’s Enlightenment Period, from the rise of Heungseon Daewongun through Japan’s annexation of Korea in 1910. The instructor emphasizes that, unlike earlier periods, this era is easier to study by memorizing dates because major events are tightly packed together. The review covers political events, treaties, reform movements, resistance, economic and cultural changes, and frequently tested historical figures.

1. Heungseon Daewongun and Resistance to Foreign Powers

During the late Joseon era, powerful families had dominated politics and royal authority had weakened. Heungseon Daewongun sought to strengthen the monarchy and reform government:

• Rebuilt Gyeongbokgung Palace, financing construction in part by issuing Dangbaekjeon. Its excessive issuance contributed to inflation and economic hardship.
• Reduced the authority of the Border Defense Council (Bibyeonsa) and restored the Three Military Offices (Samgunbu).
• Replaced abuses in the grain-loan system with the Sachang system.
• Introduced the Hopo tax, requiring yangban as well as commoners to pay military tax.
• Abolished most seowon (Confucian academies), which had enjoyed tax exemptions and other privileges.
• Compiled the legal code Daejeon Hoetong.

The video recommends learning the sequence of foreign conflicts and anti-foreign measures through their dates and identifying details:

• 1866: Byeongin Persecution — Catholics and French missionaries were executed.
• 1866: General Sherman incident — The American merchant ship entered the Taedong River and was burned after a confrontation.
• 1866: French campaign (Byeongin Yangyo) — French forces invaded Ganghwa Island. Notable Joseon resistance included the battles at Jeongjoksanseong and Munsusanseong. French troops took books from the Outer Gyujanggak.
• Oppert grave-robbing incident — German businessman Ernst Oppert attempted to rob the tomb of Daewongun’s father.
• 1871: U.S. campaign (Sinmiyangyo) — The Battle of Gwangseongbo and the capture of General Eo Jae-yeon’s flag are key test clues.
• Daewongun erected cheokhwabi monuments rejecting foreign contact.

2. Opening the Ports, Treaties, and Modernization

After Daewongun left power, King Gojong’s government began concluding treaties with foreign countries and pursuing modernization.

Key Treaties and Diplomatic Missions

• Treaty of Ganghwa (1876): Korea’s first modern treaty with Japan, concluded after the Unyo incident. It opened Busan, Wonsan, and Incheon and allowed Japan to survey Korean coastal waters.
• Additional Japan–Korea trade arrangements initially allowed duty-free trade and unrestricted grain exports. A revised trade treaty in 1883 introduced tariffs and provisions to restrict grain exports.
• Treaty with the United States (1882): The first treaty with a Western power. The instructor highlights its tariff and most-favored-nation provisions, as well as a clause for mutual assistance.
• Joseon Chaekryak: Brought back by Kim Hong-jip from Japan; it urged Korea to align with China, Japan, and the United States to counter Russia.
• Diplomatic missions included the Susinsa to Japan, the Yeongseonsa to Qing China, and the Bobingsa to the United States.
• The government created the Tongni Gimu Amun to oversee modernization, reorganized military forces, and established the modern Byeolgigun.

Opposition and Crises

Some Confucian scholars opposed opening and modernization:

• Choe Ik-hyeon opposed the Treaty of Ganghwa through a memorial arguing against accommodation with foreign powers.
• Yi Man-son led the Yeongnam Maninso, opposing a treaty with the United States.

Two major political crises followed:

• Imo Mutiny (1882): Old-guard soldiers, angered by discriminatory treatment and unpaid wages, rebelled and attacked the Japanese legation. Qing forces suppressed the uprising, increasing Qing influence.
  • Afterward, Japan and Korea signed the Treaty of Jemulpo.
  • Korea and Qing signed the Korea–Qing Commercial Regulations, which permitted Qing merchants to trade in Seoul.
• Gapsin Coup (1884): Radical reformers, including Kim Ok-gyun, attempted a coup during the opening of the post office, seeking rapid reform and an end to Qing interference. Qing forces intervened, and the coup failed.
  • Afterward, Korea and Japan signed the Hanseong Treaty.
  • Qing and Japan signed the Treaty of Tianjin, agreeing to withdraw their troops and notify one another if they sent forces to Korea.

A useful comparison:

• After the Imo Mutiny: Treaty of Jemulpo with Japan and Korea–Qing Commercial Regulations.
• After the Gapsin Coup: Hanseong Treaty with Japan and the Qing–Japan Treaty of Tianjin.

Britain’s illegal occupation of Geomundo (1885–1887) occurred after the Gapsin Coup, in the context of competition with Russia. The instructor also mentions the proposal that Korea adopt a neutral position like Belgium or Switzerland.

3. The 1894 Upheavals and Reforms

Donghak Peasant Movement

The movement developed in stages:

1. Background: Donghak was founded by Choe Je-u, who was later executed. Followers subsequently held assemblies seeking his posthumous rehabilitation.
2. First uprising (1894): In Gobu, Jeolla Province, peasants rebelled against magistrate Jo Byeong-gap and local abuses. Government handling of the investigation further inflamed tensions.
3. Expansion and settlement: The movement won battles including Hwangtohyeon and Hwangnyongchon, then occupied Jeonju. The government agreed to the Jeonju Truce.
4. Local reform: Jipgangso organizations were established in Jeolla Province to carry out local self-government and reform.
5. Second uprising: Qing troops entered Korea at the government’s request; Japan also sent troops under the Treaty of Tianjin and occupied Gyeongbokgung. Peasant forces rose again, now seeking to expel foreign troops.
6. Defeat: The movement was defeated at Ugeumchi, and leader Jeon Bong-jun was captured.

Gabo Reforms

The instructor distinguishes between the two phases:

• First-phase Gabo Reform: Led by the Military Affairs Office (Gun-guk Gimucheo). Reforms drew on earlier reform proposals and demands raised by the Donghak movement. Major changes included the abolition of the government slave system, the civil service examination system, widow-remarriage restrictions, and torture.
• Second-phase Gabo Reform: Associated with the Kim Hong-jip–Park Yeong-hyo cabinet and the Hongbeom 14 Articles. The Education Ordinance was issued, modern courts were established, and the traditional eight provinces were temporarily reorganized into 23 districts.

4. From the Eulmi Reform to the Korean Empire

• After Japan’s victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, Russia, France, and Germany pressured Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula to Qing China. This Triple Intervention encouraged King Gojong to seek Russian support.
• Japan assassinated Empress Myeongseong in the Eulmi Incident (1895).
• The Eulmi Reform introduced the era name Geonyang, a hair-cutting edict, and modern military units. The Eulmi Righteous Army rose in opposition.
• In 1896, Gojong took refuge at the Russian legation in the Agwan Pacheon.
• The Independence Association, led by Seo Jae-pil, promoted national independence and sought to establish a parliament. The Manmin Joint Assembly and officials’ assembly were held in 1898, and the Six Articles of the Constitution were adopted. Gojong later dissolved the association.
• Gojong proclaimed the Korean Empire in 1897. The Gwangmu Reforms followed, guided by the principle of “old foundations, new methods.”
  • Key measures included strengthening imperial power, establishing the Wonsubu, conducting land surveys, and issuing land deeds (jigae) to formalize ownership and improve tax collection.
  • The instructor identifies land deeds and the Wonsubu as especially frequent exam topics.

5. Japanese Encroachment and Annexation

The video presents the following sequence of growing Japanese control:

• Yongampo incident: Russian efforts to secure access and establish facilities near Yongampo heightened tensions with Japan.
• Russo-Japanese War (1904): Korea declared neutrality, but Japan forced the Korea–Japan Protocol, allowing Japanese use of Korean territory for military purposes.
• Japan annexed Dokdo through a prefectural notice in 1905.
• The first Korea–Japan agreement appointed Stevens as diplomatic adviser and Megata as financial adviser. Megata’s currency-exchange policy caused significant losses for Korean holders of currency.
• Eulsa Treaty (1905): Korea lost diplomatic rights; the treaty was imposed without Gojong’s approval. The five officials who supported it are remembered as the Five Eulsa Traitors. Japan established its Resident-General administration; Ito Hirobumi was the first Resident-General.
• Resistance included Min Yeong-hwan’s suicide, Jang Ji-yeon’s editorial in the Hwangseong Sinmun, and the Eulsa Righteous Army, including leaders Choe Ik-hyeon and Sin Dol-seok.
• Gojong sent envoys to the Hague Peace Conference to protest the treaty. Japan used the mission as a pretext to force his abdication.
• Jeongmi Seven Articles Treaty (1907): Expanded Japanese control, placed Japanese officials in government posts, and led to the forced disbandment of the Korean army. Disbanded soldiers joined the righteous armies.
• The Thirteen-Province Righteous Army attempted to advance on Seoul but was defeated. Japan then carried out the Great Southern Korea Suppression Operation.
• Japan seized Korea’s judicial rights and, in 1910, forcibly annexed the country, ending the Joseon-era political order.

6. Economic, Social, and Cultural Developments

Economy and Organizations

• National Debt Repayment Movement (1907): Began in Daegu, led by figures including Seo Sang-don and Yang Gi-tak, and sought to repay Korea’s national debt. The Daehan Maeil Sinbo strongly supported it.
• Oriental Development Company (1908): Established by Japan to facilitate the exploitation of Korean land and resources.
• Jungang Sanggonghoe: Organized to protect Korean commercial interests.
• Boanhoe and the Agricultural and Mining Company opposed Japan’s demand for rights to develop uncultivated land.
• Daehan Jagwanghoe grew out of the Constitutional Research Society and opposed the appointment of a Japanese resident-general.

Nationalist Organizations and Education

• Sinminhoe (1907), associated with Ahn Chang-ho and Yi Seung-hun, aimed to build a modern republic.
• It established or supported Daeseong School, Osan School, the Shinheung Military Academy (developed from the Shinheung Training Institute), and the Taegeuk Bookstore.
• The 105-Man Incident (1911)—in which Japan fabricated an assassination plot—led to the organization’s dissolution.

Press, Schools, Transport, and Institutions

• The first modern newspaper, Hansung Sunbo, appeared in 1883. The Hansung Jubo later became known for publishing the first commercial advertisement.
• The Independent published Korean and English editions. The Hwangseong Sinmun carried Jang Ji-yeon’s famous editorial after the Eulsa Treaty. The Daehan Maeil Sinbo, published by Yang Gi-tak and Ernest Bethell, supported the debt-repayment movement.
• Gwanghyewon, Korea’s first Western-style hospital, was soon renamed Jejungwon.
• Modern schools included Wonsan Academy, Yugyeong Gongwon, and Dongmunhak, an interpreter-training school.
• The streetcar and Gyeongin Railway began operating in 1899; the Gyeongbu Railway opened in 1905.
• Women’s education advocacy included the Chanyanghoe and its women’s-rights declaration.
• Cultural landmarks included Myeongdong Cathedral, Wongaksa (a Western-style theater), and Deoksugung Seokjojeon.
• Son Byeong-hui reorganized Donghak as Cheondogyo; Na Cheol founded Daejonggyo. The video also notes reformist ideas in Confucianism and Buddhism.

7. Frequently Tested People and Exam Strategy

The instructor highlights these figures:

• Park Gyu-su: Proposed the Samjeong Ijeongcheong during the Imsul Peasant Rebellion and served as governor during the General Sherman incident; associated with the early Enlightenment movement.
• Kim Hong-jip: Brought back Joseon Chaekryak, helped lead the Gabo reform cabinets, and was involved in modernization.
• Kim Ok-gyun: Leader of the Gapsin Coup.
• Choe Ik-hyeon: Opposed the Treaty of Ganghwa and later led the Eulsa Righteous Army.
• An Jung-geun: Assassinated Ito Hirobumi and wrote on Eastern peace.
• Homer Hulbert: Taught at Yugyeong Gongwon, wrote Saminpilji, and helped the Hague envoys.
• Ernest Bethell: Co-published the Daehan Maeil Sinbo with Yang Gi-tak.

The study advice is to prioritize recurring exam clues rather than trying to memorize every detail equally. Particularly emphasized are:

• Dates and event order from 1866 through 1910.
• Which treaties followed the Imo Mutiny and the Gapsin Coup.
• The Gun-guk Gimucheo and abolition of the government slave system in the first Gabo Reform.
• The Wonsubu and land deeds in the Gwangmu Reforms.
• Recognizing events from signature terms such as Jipgangso, Ugeumchi, Geonyang, Hague envoys, and Thirteen-Province Righteous Army.

Speakers and Sources Featured

• Speaker: One instructor/presenter from the 공부돼지 channel; no additional speaking voices are identifiable in the subtitles.
• Other source: Background music is audible, but the subtitles do not identify its creator or title.