9 都市の機能（４）居住r8

Main ideas / concepts

• Residential function as a core city infrastructure

  • Cities exist by concentrating large populations, so they must provide the basic conditions for people to live.
  • This requires urban infrastructure such as:
    • housing
    • food supply
    • water supply
    • waste disposal
    • transportation

• Residential development grows with population pressure

  • As transportation improves and density rises, residential functions expand.
  • This often creates bedroom communities and commuter towns around a major city.

• Commuter towns evolve into additional city functions

  • When a commuter town grows large enough, it can start developing industry and commerce, meaning it stops being purely residential.
  • Population increase → new functions emerge → urban form keeps expanding outward and reforming.

• Why cities must be planned (and not assumed to “just happen”)

  • Large cities often result from intentional planning, including:
    • water management systems
    • transportation routes
    • zoning-like separation of functions
    • disaster prevention and drainage

• Tokyo as an example of spatial planning to reduce “overwhelmingness”

  • Tokyo’s growth is described as expanding horizontally more than vertically (after reaching limits in vertical expansion).
  • Housing development pushes people outward, forming bedroom-community patterns and preventing (to some extent) extreme centralized crowding.

• Population imbalance creates new urban problems

  • Tokyo’s “pull” (especially in Kanto) draws workers in excess of residents, producing imbalance.
  • When population becomes too concentrated and unmanageable, residential functions become necessary.
  • If those functions are not properly provided, slums and inner-city decline can emerge.

• New towns as a mitigation strategy

  • A strategy for handling excess urban growth is building new towns outside the core city with:
    • housing units
    • built-in everyday commercial services
    • convenient access to commuter transport (e.g., nearby stations)

• What slums are (and why they form)

  • Slums are framed as outcomes of:
    • too many people arriving to a city
    • inability to legally obtain proper residence
    • settlement on unsafe/undesirable land (hillsides, back areas)
    • lack of governance reach, resulting in poor sanitation, crime, and health risks

• How different countries handle slums differently

  • Japan is described as having relatively few slum outcomes largely because slum-like conditions are actively reduced (encouraging residents to move into legal welfare/residence systems).

• Inner-city problems as a related phenomenon

  • City centers can become unsafe/declining if:
    • housing becomes too expensive or undesirable
    • properties are abandoned
    • governance/policing issues worsen
    • people move in who don’t follow regulations, leading to disorder
  • Historical example: London during the Industrial Revolution, where living and labor conditions were extremely poor until major reforms were attempted.

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Methodology / “how to manage residential growth” (instruction-like)

• Provide essential residential infrastructure for concentrated populations

  • Ensure availability of:
    • housing stock
    • sufficient food and water
    • waste disposal systems
    • transport networks

• Use planned expansion to prevent crowding failures

  • When the main city’s population grows beyond capacity:
    • build new residential areas / commuter towns outside the core
    • include everyday services so daily life is functional without forcing residents into the core for everything

• Avoid letting informal settlements arise

  • If legal residence is blocked and people settle informally:
    • slum conditions emerge (sanitation, crime, lack of registration/governance)
  • Mitigation approach described for Japan:
    • police/government engagement
    • transition residents into welfare/official systems
    • prevent repeated informal re-settlement cycles

• Plan for land-use conflict as the city densifies

  • As work/industrial/commercial zones expand, residential space gets squeezed.
  • Mitigate with:
    • vertical expansion (skyscrapers) when horizontal expansion is limited, or
    • spatial redistribution through new towns and bedroom-community development

• Anticipate how infrastructure must scale over time

  • Small-population areas can rely on simple systems (e.g., wells), but when population multiplies:
    • water and sewage systems must be upgraded and sustained

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Examples and case studies mentioned (what they were used to illustrate)

• Rural vs urban infrastructure experience (speaker’s personal background)

  • Claims of:
    • no running water or sewage infrastructure in their hometown
    • dependence on wells + electric pumps
    • “no water charge” model
    • limited public transit (car reliance)
  • Used to argue why high-density cities require sophisticated systems.

• Ancient empires and deliberate infrastructure planning

  • Roman Empire: aqueduct/water supply and road networks to unify and sustain large populations.
  • Chang’an / Kyoto-like planning model (described): planned city layout with districts, separated functions, and drainage considerations.

• Edo/Tokyo historical development

  • Tokugawa-era planning and river-engineering to support transportation, flood control, and defense.
  • Used to argue that major growth required engineering and spatial structuring.

• New town example

  • Ryugasaki New Town (Ibaraki Prefecture):
    • a residential area developed to reduce artificial concentration near Tokyo
    • includes apartment rows and central retail/service facilities
    • designed for commuters via nearby rail

• Slum examples

  • Favela (Brazil): described as arising from illegal/unsanctioned settlement on hills due to inability to legally reside.
  • Pruitt-Igoe (United States): redesign intended to reduce slum problems but supposedly backfired due to confusing access design and resulting criminal misuse; eventually demolished.
  • Kowloon Walled City (Hong Kong): described as extreme vertical, tightly concentrated housing due to crowding and restricted authority/space.
  • Hillbrow (Johannesburg): attributed to apartheid-era dynamics and post-apartheid flight/redistribution leading to crime and “inner city problem” style decline.

• London Industrial Revolution

  • Presented as a classic “urban living conditions + poverty + exploitation” scenario, leading to reforms like compulsory education and industrial policy responses.

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Lessons conveyed overall

• Residential function is not secondary—it is the enabling system that makes city life possible.
• When residential planning fails to keep up with population growth (or legal access breaks down), cities develop informal/unsafe settlements and inner-city deterioration.
• Effective urban management is largely about proactive planning:
  • infrastructure scaling
  • zoning-like separation and drainage/disaster planning
  • building/operating residential alternatives (new towns, commuter communities) to reduce pressure on the core

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Speakers / sources featured

• No specific named external speaker or cited source is provided in the subtitles.
• The main source is the video lecturer/teacher (first-person narration includes “I” describing their hometown and experiences).
• Historical/structural references mentioned (as topics, not necessarily direct sources):
  • Roman Empire (aqueducts, roads)
  • Chang’an, Kyoto-like planning
  • Edo / Tokugawa period
  • Ebenezer Howard (Garden City concept)
  • Pruitt-Igoe (housing complex)
  • Kowloon Walled City
  • Favela (Brazil)
  • Hillbrow (Johannesburg)
  • Apartheid (South Africa)
  • Industrial Revolution London