화재의 예방 및 대처 (1)[산업안전보건교육]

Main ideas, concepts, and lessons

• Fire prevention is critical and must be prioritized

  • Once a fire starts, it doesn’t simply stop; it keeps expanding when oxygen and water/other conditions allow combustion to continue.
  • Air contains about 21% oxygen, which is highly reactive and supports burning.
  • In large spaces, it’s difficult to cut off or reduce oxygen, so the most realistic response is cooling/hydration—but this is often difficult and can be disadvantageous.
  • Therefore, the core lesson is: the best way to prevent fire damage is prevention (limiting spread to other floors and neighboring buildings).

• Learning goals of the session (as stated in the subtitles)

  • Understand and explain:
    • Causes of fires
    • Seasonal fire prevention tips
    • Fire reporting procedures

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Seasonal fire causes and prevention

Spring (highest dryness + wind effects)

• Primary causes

  • Human carelessness due to relaxed vigilance in sunny weather
  • Holiday-related behavior
    • Carelessly discarded cigarette butts
    • Illegal cooking activities outdoors
    • Children playing with fire
  • Dry weather + strong winds allow rapid spread

• Humidity concept used

  • “Sample humidity” refers to dryness of an object (not relative humidity).
  • Guidelines given:
    • If sample humidity < 50% → risk increases (statement begins here)
    • If < 40% → fires are difficult to extinguish
    • If < 30% → likelihood of spontaneous fires increases
  • In spring, sample humidity often drops below 50%.

• Weather system impact

  • Mobile high-pressure systems bring dry, strong winds, so even small sparks can grow quickly.

• Weather advisories (issued when thresholds are met)

  • Dryness advisory issued when:
    • Sample humidity ≤ 50%
    • Daily minimum humidity ≤ 30%
    • Max wind speed ≥ 7 m/s for 2+ consecutive days
  • Dryness warning issued when:
    • Sample humidity ≤ 40%
    • Daily minimum humidity ≤ 20%
    • Max wind speed ≥ 10 m/s for 2+ consecutive days

• Spring prevention measures (detailed)

  • Identify spring fire-vulnerable targets and conduct intensive fire patrols to remove risk factors.
  • In offices and similar indoor areas
    • Conduct fire patrols 30 minutes before closing
    • Unplug unused electrical appliances
    • Check trash cans
    • Inspect condition of gas appliance intermediate valves
  • Strengthen awareness and response ability via in-house fire safety education/training (security personnel and others).
  • For outdoor construction / field-adjacent areas
    • Strictly monitor wind-carried sparks when burning agricultural waste near fields
    • Do not engage in illegal activities in outdoor/mountain areas
    • Do not carry cigarettes/lighters into mountainous areas
  • Child-focused ignition control
    • Prevent children from playing with fire by strictly managing ignition sources (matches/lighters).

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Summer (carelessness + overheating + vehicle-related fires)

• Primary cause theme

  • Incident counts are generally high due to carelessness

• Notable causes

  • Overheating of:
    • Electric outlets
    • Air conditioners
  • Overheating of vehicle engines
  • Vehicle fires may involve:
    • Strong radiant heat overheating interiors
    • Explosions involving lighters/mobile phone batteries

• Summer prevention methods (detailed checklist)

  • 1) Install circuit breakers
    • Install power circuit breakers for damp areas to prevent overheating fires.
  • 2) Prohibit multi-outlet “power strip (octopus)” use
    • Avoid plugging multiple appliances into one outlet when possible.
    • If connecting wiring, ensure it does not exceed the allowable current.
  • 3) Shut off gas valves during vacations
    • Shut off:
      • Intermediate valve
      • LPG: also the cylinder valve
    • City gas: check the locked status of the intermediate valve.
  • 4) Check emergency contact information
    • Record an emergency phone number if the home/office will be vacant.
  • 5) Inspect equipment condition
    • If leaks are found, respond immediately (leaks can cause electric shocks and electrical fires via short circuits).

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Winter (electric heating + low humidity dryness)

• Key claim

  • Winter has the highest fire incident rate among four seasons.

• Representative causes

  • Increased use of heating appliances → failures/defects and careless handling rise
  • Low humidity + dry conditions → surrounding objects become very dry

• Winter prevention tips (detailed checklist)

  • Electric heaters
    • Unplug heaters when not in use
    • When unplugging, hold the entire body of the plug to pull it out
    • Use standard capacity-labeled appliances
    • Use insulated rubber cords for high-temperature heaters
    • Do not operate/move kerosene heaters while lit
  • Placement and combustibles
    • Install heaters/gas appliances at sufficient distance from combustibles
    • Remove flammable materials nearby
    • Do not let new windows/curtains dry near or touch heaters (morning caution)
  • Emergency readiness
    • Keep fire extinguishers or sand nearby
  • Child safety
    • Avoid leaving children near heaters or unattended
    • Store matches/lighters safely away from children
    • Instill understanding/fear so children don’t play with ignition sources
  • Community vigilance
    • Be mindful of homeless people/teenagers who may start fires in local areas.

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Autumn (transition season; mixed patterns)

• Pattern summary
  • September: still hot → similar to summer
  • October: more similar to spring due to dry weather and crime leading to frequent wildfires
  • November: as winter approaches and unused heaters are brought out → similar to winter
• Fire frequency comparison
  • Autumn has fewer fires than winter or spring, but more than summer.

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Fire prevention by cause (detailed)

1) Cigarette butt fires (high frequency)

• Risk facts

  • Cigarette butt temperature ~500°C, can reach 800°C while smoked

• Common causes

  • Falling asleep while smoking in bed while intoxicated
  • Carelessly discarded cigarette butts
  • Tossing cigarettes into trash without fully extinguishing embers

• Prevention tips (detailed checklist)

  • Smoke only in designated smoking areas
  • Do not smoke where gasoline/gas/chemicals exist; post and follow no-smoking signs
  • Do not smoke in bed
  • Avoid smoking while walking; don’t discard butts anywhere
  • Choose convenient, safe designated locations and designate smoking areas
  • Dispose properly:
    • Always extinguish in an ashtray
    • Pour a little water into the ashtray to prevent embers from relighting
  • If you leave your seat briefly, extinguish before leaving

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2) Electrical fires (second most common after negligence)

• Main ignition causes (categorized)

  1. Short circuit (wires’ insulation destroyed or wires contact → sudden large current + heat)
  2. Overheating (aging poor insulation → current through metal bodies → resistance heat → ignition)
  3. Overcurrent (current exceeds allowable capacity; can occur when multiple appliances are used simultaneously)
  4. Other factors (sparks from overheating substandard wires/machinery; static electricity)

• Electrical fire prevention tips (grouped by cause)

  • A) Overcurrent / “combination” prevention
    • Use an appropriate rated overcurrent circuit breaker
    • Use wiring of suitable specifications for the load capacity
    • Replace frayed/damaged wires
    • Regularly inspect switch interiors and wiring in unseen areas (use flashlight)
    • Store wiring when possible; avoid exposure to heat/external impact
    • Don’t secure wires with nails or staples
    • Protect wires passing through floors/door frames
  • B) Sparks-related prevention
    • In buildings/high-capacity facilities:
      • Classify circuits and install breakers
    • Frequently check main wire insulation damage
    • Ensure wires don’t directly contact metal bodies or wet structures
    • If sparks occur: unplug/turn off affected power immediately
      • Unplug device or switch off the area power
      • Remove dust/metal debris from distribution panel
      • Clean areas with flammable dust (flour/sawdust/fiber dust)
      • Don’t place furniture/hazardous flammables near distribution boxes
  • C) Overload-related prevention
    • Avoid multi-device use via power strips
    • Use correct rated wires for capacity/voltage
    • Unplug appliances not used for long periods
    • Avoid leaving heating elements (e.g., electric blankets) on too long
    • Check automatic temperature controller locking mechanisms on electric heaters
    • Ensure bulbs dissipate heat properly and don’t place flammables nearby
    • Tighten connection points (wires/terminals) securely
  • Spread prevention theme
    • Electrical fires can spread easily; early removal/prevention of ignition sources is emphasized.

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3) Gas fires (LPG and LNG behavior + safety checks)

• Gas behavior and hazard

  • LPG (propane/butane)
    • About 1.5–2x heavier than air → accumulates in low places
    • Mixed with an odorant like “rotting garlic” for detection
  • LNG
    • About 0.65x lighter than air → accumulates in high places
    • Less explosive risk than LPG, but expands greatly (~600s upon vaporization)
    • Risk includes lowering oxygen concentration → suffocation hazard
  • Visual cue mentioned:
    • Burns can create fog due to water concentration as methane vaporizes

• Primary factors causing gas fires

  • Leaks while storing containers indoors
  • Leaving area unattended while using gas
  • Unattended hose connections despite volume
  • Disassembling regulators
  • Using flammable materials simultaneously

• Gas fire prevention tips (detailed checklist)

  • Perform gas safety inspections
  • Inspect connections frequently using detergent/soapy water
  • Keep gas range clean so burner holes aren’t clogged
  • Before sleep:
    • Check ignition component is off/closed and intermediate valve is closed
    • Warn children not to operate gas
  • Smell-based leak checks:
    • LPG smell from the floor
    • City gas smell from the ceiling
  • During use:
    • Ventilate by opening upper vents and windows
    • Don’t place rotten/flammable materials near the gas range
    • When lighting:
      • Confirm flame is on
      • Adjust air regulator so flame turns blue
    • If possible, don’t leave while gas range is running
    • Check frequently that liquids do not overflow
    • Use appliances with automatic shutoff when flame goes out; regularly check the shutoff device
  • After use:
    • Confirm ignition component and intermediate valve are closed and locked
    • Cylinder valve closure recommended if leaving for a long time
    • Don’t move gas stove frequently; keep it stationary
  • Portable gas stove safety:
    • For empty cylinder: puncture and dispose in a place without open flames
    • Ensure cylinder connection is fully connected
    • If leaking during use: quickly lift connection lever upward to disconnect cylinder
    • Do not use in enclosed tents/small rooms; ventilate if indoors
  • Safer appliance selection:
    • Use certified products (Korea Gas Safety Agency certification / KS mark)

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4) Oil (kerosene) fires

• Situations leading to oil fires

  • Refueling a stove without extinguishing the fire
  • Oil vapor leaks during refueling, mixes with air, and contacts gas unexpectedly

• Causes

  • Moving equipment while in use
  • Leaving flame on too long
  • Placing flammables near the heater

• Prevention tips (detailed checklist)

  • Always use heating kerosene as fuel
  • Extinguish during sudden bursts
  • Clean spilled oil thoroughly
  • Use equipment in a well-ventilated area
  • Don’t place flammable materials near heaters
  • Keep extinguishers or sand ready around the heater
  • After draining oil, restore heater to a dry state

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5) Spark fires (welding/cutting/bonfires)

• Context and hazard

  • Welding sparks can ignite flammable materials; insulation like styrofoam/foam can cause severe casualties due to toxic gases.

• Examples of spark-related ignition scenarios

  • Sparks fall on flammable materials due to welding negligence
  • Heated welded objects ignite nearby flammables
  • Sparks ignite pipe insulation during welding/cutting
  • Sparks ignite flammables from hazardous materials left unattended
  • Sparks blown by wind from bonfires/incinerators

• Prevention tips (detailed checklist)

  • Before welding or trash burning:
    • Ensure fire extinguishers/suppressants are available before starting
  • Remove hazardous/combustible materials around the welding area
  • When welding near the ceiling:
    • Check no fire hazard from falling sparks
  • Bonfires:
    • Completely extinguish and bury deep underground to prevent re-ignition

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6) Fires from playing with fire (children-focused)

• Two main causes

  1. Children’s curiosity and impulsiveness; they use accessible items (matches, lighters, candles, bonfires, firecrackers)
  2. Adults temporarily distracted or children not supervised

• Common circumstances

  • Often involve children age ~6 to under 13
  • More frequent on weekends/holidays when parents are out

• Prevention tips (detailed checklist)

  • Keep matches/lighters out of reach
  • Warn children not to play with matches/lighters/firecrackers/tin cans
  • Teach children proper understanding of fire
  • Don’t turn on kerosene heaters or send children on errands involving risky tasks
  • When leaving:
    • Conduct a safety check of all fire sources
    • Remind children to be careful
  • Educate children not to make false 119 calls

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Fire reporting procedure (119 emergency)

• Step-by-step instruction
  • If a fire occurs:
    • Remain calm
    • Dial 119 (no area code) using landline or mobile phone
    • State you are reporting a fire
  • Public phone:
    • Press the red emergency call button to call without inserting money
  • Mobile phone:
    • Emergency signals possible regardless of activation/usage restrictions
  • Provide key information:
    • Exact address/location
    • Building name
    • Floor where fire originated
    • If unsure: describe nearby large buildings to identify location
    • Brief building description (helps initial dispatch planning)
    • Report completion/status and relevant hazards (e.g., ongoing oil fire situation)
    • Oil fires may require dispatch of chemical trucks early
    • Provide:
      • Name of reporter
      • Contact number
  • Call handling rules:
    • Don’t hang up until the fire department confirms they received/acknowledge the call

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Quiz / closing segment

• The subtitles indicate a review via quiz:
  • Total of 3 questions
  • Two chances per question
  • Prompt: press Start button
• Final line suggests reviewing what was learned together.

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Speakers or sources featured (as stated in subtitles)

• No individual speakers are explicitly named in the subtitles.
• Source/authority mentioned: Korea Gas Safety Agency and KS mark (certification).
• Emergency service referenced: 119 (fire reporting system).