Ejaan (Bagian 1) | Pemakaian huruf dan penulisan kata

Summary

The lesson reviews Indonesian spelling, or ejaan, as a set of rules for representing language in writing. These rules cover the use of letters, word forms, punctuation, and loanwords. This session focuses on two areas: letter use and word writing, drawing on the Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (PUEBI).

1. Use of letters

Alphabet and sounds

• Indonesian uses 26 letters: five vowels and 21 consonants.
• The letter e has different pronunciations, illustrated by words such as kedelai, seri, and setelah.
• The letters q and x are generally used in proper names and scientific terms. At the beginning of a word, x is pronounced like s.
• The diphthongs discussed are ai, au, oi, and ei.
• The consonant combinations kh, ng, ny, and sy each represent a single consonant sound.

Capital letters

The teacher reviews common uses of capital letters, including:

• At the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a direct quotation.
• For names of religions, holy books, God, and pronouns referring to God.
• For people’s names and nicknames, but not when a personal name has become the name of a type or unit.
• For titles, ranks, nationalities, ethnic groups, languages, and the names of years, months, days, and holidays.
• For named historical events and geographical proper names.
• For formal names of institutions, laws, books, articles, and other works.
• For abbreviations of names and titles, and for kinship terms used as forms of address.

Capitalization is not used for geographical terms that are not proper names, or when a historical event is mentioned descriptively rather than as the name of the event. Some geographical names used as names of species are also written in lowercase.

Italics

Italics are used to:

• Write titles of books, magazines, and newspapers.
• Emphasize particular letters, word parts, or expressions.
• Mark words or phrases from regional or foreign languages.

Bold type

Bold type may be used to:

• Emphasize material that is already italicized.
• Mark structural headings in a document, such as book titles, chapters, and subheadings.

2. Writing words

The lesson groups word-writing rules into 11 areas: basic words, affixed words, reduplication, compound words, word division, prepositions, particles, abbreviations and acronyms, numbers, pronouns, and articles.

• Basic words: Write each as a single unit.
• Affixes: Attach prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and combined affixes to the base word. Bound forms are generally joined to the word they modify.
• Repeated forms: Join repeated elements with a hyphen. In repeated compound words, repeat the first element.
• Compound words:
  • Most combinations are written as separate words.
  • Use a hyphen where needed to prevent ambiguity.
  • If only one side of a compound receives an affix, the elements remain separate; if it receives both a prefix and a suffix, they are joined.
  • Compounds that have become established as single words are written together.
• Word division:
  • Divide between two consecutive vowels, but do not split a diphthong.
  • When one consonant occurs between vowels, divide before that consonant.
  • Divide between two consecutive consonants; with three or more, divide after the first consonant.
  • Do not split consonant combinations that represent one sound.
  • The lesson also describes division at suitable boundaries in derived words and cautions against splitting personal-name abbreviations.
• Prepositions: Write di, ke, and dari separately when they function as prepositions. This differs from di- when it is an attached prefix.
• Particles:
  • Attach -lah, -kah, and -tah to the preceding word.
  • Usually write pun separately, except when it forms part of a conjunction.
  • Write per separately when it means “each,” “for,” or “starting from.”
• Abbreviations and acronyms:
  • Abbreviated personal names, titles, forms of address, and ranks generally use periods between elements.
  • Abbreviations of three or more letters commonly take a period.
  • Initialisms for institutions and some other terms are written in capital letters without periods.
  • Some two-letter abbreviations used in correspondence take periods.
  • Chemical symbols and symbols for units and currency do not take periods.
  • Proper-name acronyms use capitalization, while acronyms that are not proper names are generally lowercase.
• Numbers:
  • Spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words, unless they appear in a sequence or detailed enumeration.
  • Large numbers may be partly written in words for readability.
  • Spell out a number at the beginning of a sentence, or restructure the sentence to avoid starting with a numeral.
  • Use numerals for measurements, money, addresses, and numbered sections or verses.
  • In legal documents, deeds, and receipts, a number may be written both as a numeral and in words.
  • The lesson also covers ordinal forms, numbers ending in -an, and numbers used in geographical names.
• Pronouns: Attach ku- and kau- to the following word; attach -ku, -mu, and -nya to the preceding word.
• Articles: Write si and sang separately from the word that follows them.

Speakers and sources

• Instructor/presenter: Leads the lesson but is not named in the subtitles. The channel metadata identifies the channel as Mohammad Siddiq.
• Students: Respond collectively to the instructor’s questions.
• Named reference: Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (PUEBI), including rules discussed as part of the 2015 guide.