Summary of "Manifest DESTINY [APUSH Review Unit 5 Topic 2] Period 5: 1844-1877"

Summary of "Manifest Destiny [APUSH Review Unit 5 Topic 2] Period 5: 1844-1877"

Main Ideas and Concepts:

Westward Expansion:
- Westward expansion was a significant driving force in American history from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century.
- Initially focused on areas west of the Atlantic Coast, it included the Ohio River Valley and the Louisiana Purchase.
Manifest Destiny:
- Coined by journalist John O’Sullivan in July 1845, Manifest Destiny is the belief that Americans have a God-given right to expand across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.
- O’Sullivan emphasized that this expansion was ordained by Providence (God).
Reasons for Westward Movement:
- Economic Opportunities:
  - The discovery of gold in California in 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush, leading to a massive migration westward.
  - The Preemption Acts made land affordable for settlers, encouraging homesteading.
- Religious Refuge:
  - Groups like the Mormons migrated to the Utah Territory seeking refuge from persecution, particularly due to their practices.
Political Implications:
- The election of James K. Polk in 1844 was significantly influenced by the idea of Manifest Destiny.
- Polk aimed to annex Texas and Oregon, reflecting the national sentiment towards expansion.
Texas and Oregon Territories:
- Texas:
  - American settlers in Texas, originally part of Mexico, revolted against Mexican authority, leading to Texas declaring independence in 1836.
  - The annexation of Texas by the U.S. was contentious and led to tensions with Mexico.
- Oregon:
  - Both the U.S. and Britain claimed the Oregon Territory, leading to negotiations that resulted in the territory being divided at the 49th parallel under Polk's administration.

Methodology/Instructions:

Understand the significance of westward expansion and Manifest Destiny in shaping American history.
Recognize key events and figures, such as:
- John O’Sullivan and the term "Manifest Destiny."
- James K. Polk's presidency and his expansionist policies.
- The Texas Revolution and the Oregon dispute.
Connect the economic, social, and political motivations behind the movement westward.